Porosity and Durability Tests on 3D Printing Concrete (2024-08)¶
A Review
10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137973
, Ma Chau-Khun, Chin Chee-Long, , , ab Ghafar Mohd, Lenya Alva
Journal Article - Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 446, No. 137973
Abstract
3D concrete printing represents a modern trend in construction automation, characterized by the layer-by-layer deposition of concrete using 3D printers to construct structures without traditional formwork. This process alters the rheological behavior, microstructure, mechanical properties, and durability of 3D-printed concrete compared to conventional cast concrete. This review outlines the porosity and durability tests conducted in previous research papers. It presents the details and procedures of these tests, along with any referenced standards or guidelines. By comparing printed specimens to cast specimens, both similar and controversial results from the tests are also comprehensively discussed. It becomes evident that the durability properties of printed specimens differ from those of cast specimens due to their distinct pore systems. Ultimately, this review aims to bridge research gaps in 3DPC durability performance and assist in the selection of methodologies for porosity and durability tests.
¶
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Research on Printing Parameters and Salt-Frost-Resistance of 3D Printing Concrete with Ferrochrome-Slag and Aeolian Sand - Dong Liang, Yang Yekai, Liu Zhongxian, Ren Quanchang et al. (2022-07)
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Early-Age Creep Behavior of 3D Printable Mortars:
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Effect of Curing Methods on Shrinkage Development in 3D Printed Concrete - Geng Zifan, She Wei, Zuo Wenqiang, Lyu Kai et al. (2020-09)
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Test-Methods for 3D Printable Concrete - Kim Kwan, Yeon Jaeheum, Lee Hee, Yeon Jung (2019-08)
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An Investigation into the Porosity of Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Concrete - Lafhaj Zoubeir, Dakhli Zakaria (2019-04)
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Development of CO2-Integrated 3D Printing Concrete - Liu Junli, Li Shuai, Gunasekara Chamila, Fox Kate et al. (2021-11)
3D Printed Concrete with Recycled Glass:
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3D Printing Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregates:
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Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete Components:
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Effect of Drying Environment on Mechanical Properties, Internal RH and Pore-Structure of 3D Printed Concrete - Ma Lei, Zhang Qing, Lombois-Burger Hélène, Jia Zijian et al. (2022-09)
Pore-Structure, Internal Relative Humidity, and Fiber-Orientation of 3D Printed Concrete with Polypropylene-Fiber and Their Relation with Shrinkage - Malan Jean, Rooyen Algurnon, Zijl Gideon (2021-12)
Chloride-Induced Corrosion and Carbonation in 3D Printed Concrete - Markin Slava, Mechtcherine Viktor (2023-03)
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3D Printing of Concrete:
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3D Printable Concrete with Natural and Recycled Coarse Aggregates:
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3D Concrete Printing:
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Capillary Water Intake by 3D Printed Concrete Visualised and Quantified by Neutron Radiography - Shahmirzadi Mohsen, Gholampour Aliakbar, Kashani Alireza, Ngo Tuan (2021-09)
Shrinkage Behavior of Cementitious 3D Printing Materials:
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The Effects of Nano-Silica on the Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printable Mortars - Sikora Paweł, Techman Mateusz, Federowicz Karol, Khayatt Ahmed et al. (2022-07)
Insight into the Microstructural and Durability Characteristics of 3D Printed Concrete:
Cast versus Printed Specimens - Skibicki Szymon, Pułtorak Monika, Kaszyńska Maria, Hoffmann Marcin et al. (2022-04)
The Effect of Using Recycled PET-Aggregates on Mechanical and Durability Properties of 3D Printed Mortar - Spuriņa Ella, Šinka Māris, Ziemelis Krists, Vanags Andris et al. (2022-09)
The Effects of Air-Entraining Agent on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Concrete - Sun Xiaoyan, Zhou Jiawei, Wang Qun, Shi Jiangpeng et al. (2021-11)
PVA-Fiber-Reinforced High-Strength Cementitious Composite for 3D Printing:
Mechanical Properties and Durability - Surehali Sahil, Tripathi Avinaya, Nimbalkar Atharwa, Neithalath Narayanan (2023-01)
Anisotropic Chloride Transport in 3D Printed Concrete and Its Dependence on Layer-Height and Interface-Types - Tran Mien, Cu Yen, Le Chau (2021-10)
Rheology and Shrinkage of Concrete Using Polypropylene-Fiber for 3D Concrete Printing - Wang Xianggang, Jia Lutao, Jia Zijian, Zhang Chao et al. (2022-06)
Optimization of 3D Printing Concrete with Coarse Aggregate via Proper Mix-Design and Printing-Process - Wang Li, Ma Hui, Li Zhijian, Ma Guowei et al. (2021-07)
Cementitious Composites Blending with High Belite-Sulfoaluminate and Medium-Heat Portland Cements for Large-Scale 3D Printing - Wang Li, Xiao Wei, Wang Qiao, Jiang Hailong et al. (2022-07)
Freeze-Thaw-Resistance of 3D Printed Composites with Desert Sand - Weng Yiwei, Li Mingyang, Liu Zhixin, Lao Wenxin et al. (2018-12)
Printability and Fire Performance of a Developed 3D Printable Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites under Elevated Temperatures - Xiao Jianzhuang, Han Nv, Zhang Lihai, Zou Shuai (2021-05)
Mechanical and Microstructural Evolution of 3D Printed Concrete with Polyethylene-Fiber and Recycled Sand at Elevated Temperatures - Xu Weiguo, Gao Yuan, Sun Chenwei, Wang Zhi (2020-09)
Fabrication and Application of 3D Printed Concrete Structural Components in the Boshan Pedestrian Bridge Project - Xu Yanqun, Yuan Qiang, Li Zemin, Shi Caijun et al. (2021-09)
Correlation of Inter-Layer Properties and Rheological Behaviors of 3DPC with Various Printing Time Intervals - Yao Hao, Xie Zonglin, Li Zemin, Huang Chuhan et al. (2021-11)
The Relationship Between the Rheological Behavior and Inter-Layer Bonding Properties of 3D Printing Cementitious Materials with the Addition of Attapulgite - Yu Shiwei, Xia Ming, Sanjayan Jay, Yang Lin et al. (2021-07)
Microstructural Characterization of 3D Printed Concrete - Zhang Hanghua, Hao Lucen, Zhang Shipeng, Xiao Jianzhuang et al. (2023-08)
Advanced Measurement Techniques for Plastic Shrinkage and Cracking in 3D Printed Concrete Utilising Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor - Zhang Chao, Nerella Venkatesh, Krishna Anurag, Wang Shen et al. (2021-06)
Mix-Design Concepts for 3D Printable Concrete:
A Review - Zhang Yu, Qiao Hongxia, Qian Rusheng, Xue Cuizhen et al. (2022-02)
Relationship Between Water-Transport Behavior and Inter-Layer Voids of 3D Printed Concrete - Zhang Hanghua, Xiao Jianzhuang (2021-08)
Plastic Shrinkage and Cracking of 3D Printed Mortar with Recycled Sand - Zhang Yu, Zhang Yunsheng, Qian Rusheng, Liu Guojian et al. (2022-09)
Influence of Steel-Fiber on the Water-Absorption of 3D Printed Concrete - Zhang Yu, Zhang Yunsheng, She Wei, Yang Lin et al. (2019-01)
Rheological and Hardened Properties of the High-Thixotropy 3D Printing Concrete - Zhang Yu, Zhang Yunsheng, Yang Lin, Liu Guojian et al. (2021-02)
Hardened Properties and Durability of Large-Scale 3D Printed Cement-Based Materials - Zhang Yu, Zhang Yunsheng, Yang Lin, Liu Guojian et al. (2022-08)
Evaluation of Aggregates, Fibers and Voids-Distribution in 3D Printed Concrete - Zhou Longfei, Gou Mifeng, Ji Jiankai, Hou Xinran et al. (2024-02)
Durability and Hardened Properties of 3D Printed Concrete Containing Bauxite-Tailings - Zhu Binrong, Nematollahi Behzad, Pan Jinlong, Zhang Yang et al. (2021-04)
3D Concrete Printing of Permanent Formwork for Concrete Column Construction
15 Citations
- Sheng Zhaoliang, Ding Shaolong, Zhu Binrong, Cai Jingming et al. (2026-01)
Bonding Performance of Toothed Interfaces in 3D Printed Alkali-Activated Concrete - Ding Tao, Wei Jun, Sun Jingting, Feng Kaikai (2025-12)
Experimental Study on Thermal Properties of 3D Printed Concrete with Recycled Sand and Powder - Hurtig Karel, Čítek David, Holý Milan, Koteš Peter et al. (2025-12)
Experimental Assessment of Durability in 3D Printed Cementitious Materials - Taborda-Llano Isabella, Hoyos-Montilla Ary, Asensio Eloy, Guerrero Ana et al. (2025-12)
Influence of the Construction Process Parameters on the Mechanical Performance and Durability of 3D Printed Concrete:
A Systematic Review - Liu Huawei, Tao Yaxin, Zhu Chao, Liu Chao et al. (2025-11)
3D Printed Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate:
Freeze-Thaw Resistance Assessment and Damage Mechanisms - Zhu Binrong, Liu Xuhua, Wei Yang, Pan Jinlong (2025-11)
Predicting the Tensile Performance of 3D-Printed PE Fiber-Reinforced ECC Based on Micromechanics Model - Disu Oluwatimilehin, Ismail Sikiru, Wood Luke, Chrysanthou Andreas et al. (2025-08)
Experimental Study on Buildability of 3D-Printed Cement-Based Structures Using Aluminium Sulphate - Siqueira Neto Luiz, Isgor Burkan, Weiss William (2025-08)
Modeling Fluid Absorption in Layered Anisotropic Cement-Based Materials - Bradshaw James, Si Wen, Khan Mehran, McNally Ciaran (2025-07)
Emerging Insights into the Durability of 3D-Printed Concrete:
Recent Advances in Mix Design Parameters and Testing - Kaur Zinnia, Goyal Shweta, Kwatra Naveen, Bera Tarun (2025-07)
Pore Structure Analysis and Durability Performance of Sustainable 3D Printed Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and Limestone Calcined Clay Based Binders - Hermida José, Saavedra Ruth, Hidalgo-Astudillo Samantha, Tošić Nikola et al. (2025-06)
Influence of Fine Recycled Aggregates on the Properties of 3D Printing Concrete - Tanyildizi Harun, Seloglu Maksut, Bakri Abdullah Mohd, Razak Rafiza et al. (2025-04)
The Rheological and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Geopolymers:
A Review - Zhou Biao, Zhou Hongru, Yoshioka Hideki, Noguchi Takafumi et al. (2025-04)
Mechanical and Microstructure Evolution of 3D Printed Concrete Interlayer at Elevated Temperatures - Kuang Weifeng, Pavlenko Petro, Guo Haoyu, Tian Kuo et al. (2025-03)
Utilization of Machine-Made Sand Waste in 3D-Printed Ecological Concrete for Artificial Reefs - Nan Bo, Qiao Youxin, Leng Junjie, Bai Yikui (2025-01)
Advancing Structural Reinforcement in 3D Printed Concrete:
Current Methods, Challenges, and Innovations
BibTeX
@article{ler_ma_chin_ibra.2024.PaDTo3PC,
author = "Kee-Hong Ler and Chau-Khun Ma and Chee-Long Chin and Izni Syahrizal Ibrahim and Khairul Hazman Padil and Mohd Aminul Izmeer Ab Ghafar and Alva Ami Lenya",
title = "Porosity and Durability Tests on 3D Printing Concrete: A Review",
doi = "10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137973",
year = "2024",
journal = "Construction and Building Materials",
volume = "446",
pages = "137973",
}
Formatted Citation
K.-H. Ler, “Porosity and Durability Tests on 3D Printing Concrete: A Review”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 446, p. 137973, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137973.
Ler, Kee-Hong, Chau-Khun Ma, Chee-Long Chin, Izni Syahrizal Ibrahim, Khairul Hazman Padil, Mohd Aminul Izmeer Ab Ghafar, and Alva Ami Lenya. “Porosity and Durability Tests on 3D Printing Concrete: A Review”. Construction and Building Materials 446 (2024): 137973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137973.