Skip to content

Time-Dependent Fresh Properties Characterization of 3D Printing Engineered Cementitious Composites (2022-08)

On the Evaluation of Buildability

10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104704

 Zhou Wen,  McGee Wesley,  Zhu He,  Gökçe H.,  Li Victor
Journal Article - Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 133

Abstract

Failure of the structure due to poor buildability is a major concern in 3D printing of cementitious materials. Evaluation of buildability based on fresh material properties and print parameters is of significance. In this paper, the buildability of printable engineered cementitious composites was investigated and quantified at the material and the structural scale. Fresh ECC material showed excellent load capacity and deformation resistance at the material scale, therefore preventing material failure of the bottom layers, as confirmed by constant shear rate tests and incremental loading tests. To predict vertical deformation of a 3DP structure, a time-dependent strainstress model of printable ECC was proposed and validated based on the green strength evolution of the material and the buildup rate of the designed structure. At the structural scale, the approach of predicting critical height at self-buckling failure based on stiffness evolution was validated by printing a straight wall and a cylinder structure.

47 References

  1. Agustí-Juan Isolda, Habert Guillaume (2016-11)
    Environmental Design Guidelines for Digital Fabrication
  2. Agustí-Juan Isolda, Müller Florian, Hack Norman, Wangler Timothy et al. (2017-04)
    Potential Benefits of Digital Fabrication for Complex Structures:
    Environmental Assessment of a Robotically Fabricated Concrete Wall
  3. Ahmed Sara, Yehia Sherif (2022-02)
    Evaluation of Workability and Structuration-Rate of Locally Developed 3D Printing Concrete Using Conventional Methods
  4. Amran Mugahed, Abdelgader Hakim, Onaizi Ali, Fediuk Roman et al. (2021-12)
    3D Printable Alkali-Activated Concretes for Building Applications:
    A Critical Review
  5. Buswell Richard, Silva Wilson, Jones Scott, Dirrenberger Justin (2018-06)
    3D Printing Using Concrete-Extrusion:
    A Roadmap for Research
  6. Casagrande Lorenzo, Esposito Laura, Menna Costantino, Asprone Domenico et al. (2020-02)
    Effect of Testing Procedures on Buildability Properties of 3D Printable Concrete
  7. Chen Yu, Figueiredo Stefan, Li Zhenming, Chang Ze et al. (2020-03)
    Improving Printability of Limestone-Calcined-Clay-Based Cementitious Materials by Using Viscosity-Modifying Admixture
  8. Figueiredo Stefan, Rodríguez Claudia, Ahmed Zeeshan, Bos Derk et al. (2019-03)
    An Approach to Develop Printable Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites
  9. Ivanova Irina, Ivaniuk Egor, Bisetti Sameercharan, Nerella Venkatesh et al. (2022-03)
    Comparison Between Methods for Indirect Assessment of Buildability in Fresh 3D Printed Mortar and Concrete
  10. Jayathilakage Roshan, Rajeev Pathmanathan, Sanjayan Jay (2020-01)
    Yield-Stress-Criteria to Assess the Buildability of 3D Concrete Printing
  11. Joh Changbin, Lee Jungwoo, Bui The, Park Jihun et al. (2020-11)
    Buildability and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete
  12. Kazemian Ali, Yuan Xiao, Cochran Evan, Khoshnevis Behrokh (2017-04)
    Cementitious Materials for Construction-Scale 3D Printing:
    Laboratory Testing of Fresh Printing Mixture
  13. Khan Mohammad, Sanchez Florence, Zhou Hongyu (2020-04)
    3D Printing of Concrete:
    Beyond Horizons
  14. Kruger Jacques, Zeranka Stephan, Zijl Gideon (2019-07)
    3D Concrete Printing:
    A Lower-Bound Analytical Model for Buildability-Performance-Quantification
  15. Le Thanh, Austin Simon, Lim Sungwoo, Buswell Richard et al. (2012-01)
    Mix-Design and Fresh Properties for High-Performance Printing Concrete
  16. Li Victor, Bos Freek, Yu Kequan, McGee Wesley et al. (2020-04)
    On the Emergence of 3D Printable Engineered, Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites
  17. Liu Qiang, Jiang Quan, Huang Mojia, Xin Jie et al. (2022-03)
    Modifying Effect of Anionic Polyacrylamide Dose for Cement-Based 3DP Materials:
    Printability and Mechanical Performance Tests
  18. Lu Bing, Weng Yiwei, Li Mingyang, Qian Ye et al. (2019-02)
    A Systematical Review of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials
  19. Ma Guowei, Buswell Richard, Silva Wilson, Wang Li et al. (2022-03)
    Technology Readiness:
    A Global Snapshot of 3D Concrete Printing and the Frontiers for Development
  20. Ma Guowei, Li Zhijian, Wang Li (2017-12)
    Printable Properties of Cementitious Material Containing Copper-Tailings for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing
  21. Matthäus Carla, Back Daniel, Weger Daniel, Kränkel Thomas et al. (2020-07)
    Effect of Cement-Type and Limestone-Powder-Content on Extrudability of Lightweight Concrete
  22. Mohan Manu, Rahul Attupurathu, Schutter Geert, Tittelboom Kim (2020-10)
    Extrusion-Based Concrete 3D Printing from a Material Perspective:
    A State of the Art Review
  23. Muthukrishnan Shravan, Ramakrishnan Sayanthan, Sanjayan Jay (2021-06)
    Technologies for Improving Buildability in 3D Concrete Printing
  24. Nerella Venkatesh, Krause Martin, Mechtcherine Viktor (2019-11)
    Direct Printing-Test for Buildability of 3D Printable Concrete Considering Economic Viability
  25. Ogura Hiroki, Nerella Venkatesh, Mechtcherine Viktor (2018-08)
    Developing and Testing of Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites (SHCC) in the Context of 3D Printing
  26. Overmeir Anne, Figueiredo Stefan, Šavija Branko, Bos Freek et al. (2022-02)
    Design and Analyses of Printable Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites with Optimized Particle-Size-Distribution
  27. Panda Biranchi, Lim Jian, Tan Ming (2019-02)
    Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Early-Age Concrete in the Context of Digital Construction
  28. Panda Biranchi, Tan Ming (2018-11)
    Rheological Behavior of High-Volume Fly-Ash Mixtures Containing Micro-Silica for Digital Construction Application
  29. Perrot Arnaud, Rangeard Damien, Pierre Alexandre (2015-02)
    Structural Build-Up of Cement-Based Materials Used for 3D Printing-Extrusion-Techniques
  30. Rahul Attupurathu, Mohan Manu, Schutter Geert, Tittelboom Kim (2021-10)
    3D Printable Concrete with Natural and Recycled Coarse Aggregates:
    Rheological, Mechanical and Shrinkage Behavior
  31. Reiter Lex, Wangler Timothy, Roussel Nicolas, Flatt Robert (2018-06)
    The Role of Early-Age Structural Build-Up in Digital Fabrication with Concrete
  32. Roussel Nicolas (2018-05)
    Rheological Requirements for Printable Concretes
  33. Schutter Geert, Lesage Karel, Mechtcherine Viktor, Nerella Venkatesh et al. (2018-08)
    Vision of 3D Printing with Concrete:
    Technical, Economic and Environmental Potentials
  34. Souza Marcelo, Ferreira Igor, Moraes Elisângela, Senff Luciano et al. (2021-11)
    Role of Chemical Admixtures on 3D Printed Portland Cement:
    Assessing Rheology and Buildability
  35. Suiker Akke (2018-01)
    Mechanical Performance of Wall Structures in 3D Printing Processes:
    Theory, Design Tools and Experiments
  36. Tripathi Avinaya, Nair Sooraj, Neithalath Narayanan (2022-01)
    A Comprehensive Analysis of Buildability of 3D Printed Concrete and the Use of Bi-Linear Stress-Strain Criterion-Based Failure Curves Towards Their Prediction
  37. Wang Yu, Jiang Yaqing, Pan Tinghong, Yin Kangting (2021-08)
    The Synergistic Effect of Ester-Ether Copolymerization Thixo-Tropic Superplasticizer and Nano-Clay on the Buildability of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials
  38. Wangler Timothy, Roussel Nicolas, Bos Freek, Salet Theo et al. (2019-06)
    Digital Concrete:
    A Review
  39. Weng Yiwei, Li Mingyang, Tan Ming, Qian Shunzhi (2018-01)
    Design 3D Printing Cementitious Materials via Fuller-Thompson-Theory and Marson-Percy-Model
  40. Wolfs Robert, Bos Freek, Salet Theo (2018-02)
    Early-Age Mechanical Behaviour of 3D Printed Concrete:
    Numerical Modelling and Experimental Testing
  41. Wolfs Robert, Bos Freek, Salet Theo (2019-06)
    Triaxial Compression Testing on Early-Age Concrete for Numerical Analysis of 3D Concrete Printing
  42. Yu Kequan, McGee Wesley, Ng Tsz, Zhu He et al. (2021-02)
    3D Printable Engineered Cementitious Composites:
    Fresh and Hardened Properties
  43. Yuan Qiang, Li Zemin, Zhou Dajun, Huang Tingjie et al. (2019-08)
    A Feasible Method for Measuring the Buildability of Fresh 3D Printing Mortar
  44. Zhang Yu, Zhang Yunsheng, Liu Guojian, Yang Yonggan et al. (2018-04)
    Fresh Properties of a Novel 3D Printing Concrete Ink
  45. Zhu Binrong, Nematollahi Behzad, Pan Jinlong, Zhang Yang et al. (2021-04)
    3D Concrete Printing of Permanent Formwork for Concrete Column Construction
  46. Zhu Binrong, Pan Jinlong, Nematollahi Behzad, Zhou Zhenxin et al. (2019-07)
    Development of 3D Printable Engineered Cementitious Composites with Ultra-High Tensile Ductility for Digital Construction
  47. Zhu He, Yu Kequan, McGee Wesley, Ng Tsz et al. (2021-11)
    Limestone-Calcined-Clay-Cement for Three-Dimensional Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites

38 Citations

  1. Tushar Fazlul, Hasan Mehedi, Hasan Kamrul, Mawa Jannatul et al. (2026-01)
    Factors Affecting Flowability and Rheological Behavior of 3D Printed Concrete:
    A Comprehensive Review
  2. Liang Xiangzhou, Li Jinqian, Li Ziwei, Wang Qiang (2025-12)
    Experimental and Analytical Investigation of the Shear Behavior of the Developed BFRP Reinforced 3D Printed Composite Beams with U-Shaped Seawater Sea-Sand ECC Formwork
  3. Iqbal Imtiaz, Kasim Tala, Besklubova Svetlana, Inqiad Waleed et al. (2025-12)
    Exploring Knowledge Domains and Future Research Directions in 3D Printed Concrete:
    A Bibliometric and Systematic Review
  4. Wen Kuo-Wei, Su Yen-Fang, Mo Kim, Hung Chung-Chan (2025-12)
    Time-Dependent Rheology, Green Strength, and Buildability of 3D-Printed Ultra-High Performance Concrete Incorporating Various Fiber Types and Contents
  5. Tulliani Jean-Marc (2025-11)
    Latest Developments in 3D-Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites:
    Technologies, Prospects, and Challenges
  6. Zhao Yu, Shen Guanghai, Zhu Lingli, Ding Yahong et al. (2025-11)
    Multi-Scale Analysis of 3D Printable High-Strength Engineered Cementitious Composite with Carbon and Polyethylene Fibers:
    Rheology, Printability and Hydration Kinetics in Structural Components
  7. Chen Wenguang, Yu Jie, Ye Junhong, Yu Jiangtao et al. (2025-11)
    3D Printed High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites:
    Fresh, Mechanical, and Microstructural Properties
  8. Hasani Alireza, Dorafshan Sattar (2025-11)
    Evaluation of Fresh, Hardened, and Durability Properties of Three-Dimensional Concrete Printed Pipes
  9. Jamifar Vahid, Eskandari‐Naddaf Hamid, Dehestani Mehdi (2025-10)
    Optimizing Electric Arc Furnace Dust Utilization in 3D Printed Reinforced Cement Paste Using D‐Optimal Design of Experiments and Gray Wolf Optimization
  10. Ali Muhammad, Qian Hui, Umar Muhammad, Fenglin Liu et al. (2025-10)
    Rheological, Mechanical, and Self-Recovery Performance of 3D-Printed ECC Reinforced with Shape Memory Alloy Fibers
  11. Jeyifous Olubunmi, Schönsee Eric, Strangfeld Christoph, Hüsken Götz (2025-09)
    Investigating the Impact of Material Rheology on Geometric Accuracy in 3D Concrete Printing Using Real-Time Monitoring
  12. Shilar Fatheali, Ganachari Sharanabasava, Osman N., Ramesh S. et al. (2025-08)
    Advancements in Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Along with 3D Printed and Nano Concrete in Sustainable Construction
  13. Lu Chenyu, Sun Dongpu, Shen Qiang, Zhang Zhigang et al. (2025-07)
    Buildability of 3D Printing Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC):
    A Comprehensive Assessment Framework Under Laboratory Conditions
  14. Sakhare Vishakha, Khairnar Neha, Dahatonde Ulka, Mashalkar Shilpa (2025-06)
    Review on Sustainability in 3D Concrete Printing:
    Focus on Waste Utilization and Life Cycle Assessment
  15. Ding Tao, Peng Zechen, Dong Haining (2025-05)
    Mechanical Properties of CFRP Grid Reinforced 3D Printed Concrete Arch Structures
  16. Raza Ali, Junjie Zhang, Fan Jiahui, Umar Muhammad et al. (2025-05)
    Comprehensive Study on the Microstructural and Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites with Yellow River Sand Integration
  17. Shen Qiang, Sun Dongpu, Lu Chenyu, Zhang Zhigang et al. (2025-02)
    Fresh and Anisotropic-Mechanical Properties of Polyoxymethylene Fibers Reinforced 3D Printable Cementitious Composites
  18. Yu Jie, Teng Fei, Ye Junhong, Zhang Dong et al. (2025-01)
    Size-Dependent Model to Predict the Flexural-Strength of 3D Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites Beams
  19. Liu Qiong, Wang Qiming, Sun Chang, Li Jiawang et al. (2025-01)
    Inter-Layer Shear Strength and Bonding Strength of Sinuous 3D Printed Mortar
  20. Ge Yali, Yao Jie (2024-11)
    Influence of FA and HPMC on the Fresh Properties and Anisotropy of 3D Printing Engineered Cementitious Composites
  21. Lin Manfang, Li Lingzhi, Jiang Fangming, Ding Yao et al. (2024-11)
    Automated Reinforcement of 3D Printed Engineered Cementitious Composite Beams
  22. Sousa Israel, Alessandro Antonella, Mesquita Esequiel, Laflamme Simon et al. (2024-11)
    Comprehensive Review of 3D Printed Cementitious Composites with Carbon Inclusions:
    Current Status and Perspective for Self-Sensing Capabilities
  23. Ding Yao, Ou Xingjian, Qi Hongtuo, Xiong Gang et al. (2024-10)
    Inter-Layer Bonding Performance of 3D Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites:
    Rheological Regulation and Fiber Hybridization
  24. Ding Yao, Liu Jiepeng, Ou Xingjian, Nishiwaki Tomoya et al. (2024-08)
    3D Printing Hybrid-Fiber-Reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites:
    Feasibility in Long-Open-Time Applications
  25. Wang Yuting, Chen Meng, Zhang Tong, Zhang Mingzhong (2024-07)
    Hardening Properties and Microstructure of 3D Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites Based on Limestone-Calcined-Clay-Cement
  26. Sun Chang, Li Jiawang, Liu Qiong, Chen Kailun et al. (2024-07)
    Compressive Performance and Damage Mechanism of Concrete Short Columns Confined by Steel-Wires-Reinforced 3DPM
  27. Assunção Badan Julie, Chadha Kunaljit, Vasey Lauren, Brumaud Coralie et al. (2024-06)
    Contribution of Production Processes in Environmental Impact of Low-Carbon Materials Made by Additive Manufacturing
  28. Chen Wenguang, Ye Junhong, Jiang Fangming, Fediuk Roman et al. (2024-05)
    Printability Region for 3D Printable Engineered Cementitious Composites
  29. Oulkhir Fatima, Akhrif Iatimad, Jai Mostapha (2024-05)
    3D Concrete Printing Success:
    An Exhaustive Diagnosis and Failure-Modes-Analysis
  30. Xiao Jianzhuang, Liu Haoran, Ding Tao, Yu Kequan et al. (2024-02)
    Rebar-Free Concrete Construction:
    Concept, Opportunities and Challenges
  31. Wang Xiaonan, Li Wengui, Guo Yipu, Kashani Alireza et al. (2024-02)
    Concrete 3D Printing Technology in Sustainable Construction:
    A Review on Raw Materials, Concrete Types and Performances
  32. Kakarla Akesh, Kong Ing, Patel Vipulkumar (2024-02)
    Additive Manufacturing for Building and Constructions
  33. Zhou Wen, Zhu He, Hu Wei-Hsiu, Wollaston Ryan et al. (2024-02)
    Low-Carbon, Expansive Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) In the Context of 3D Printing
  34. Pi Yilin, Lu Cong, Yao Yiming, Li Baoshan (2024-01)
    A Rheological-Based Printability-Assessment Method for 3D Printing Engineered Cementitious Composites Considering Fiber-Dispersion
  35. Khan Shayan, Ghazi Syed, Amjad Hassan, Imram Muhammad et al. (2023-12)
    Emerging Horizons in 3D Printed Cement-Based Materials with Nano-Material-Integration:
    A Review
  36. Pi Yilin, Lu Cong, Li Baoshan, Zhou Junhui (2023-10)
    Crack Propagation and Failure Mechanism of 3D Printing Engineered Cementitious Composites (3DP-ECC) Under Bending Loads
  37. Bai Meiyan, Wu Yuching, Xiao Jianzhuang, Ding Tao et al. (2023-04)
    Workability and Hardened Properties of 3D Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites Incorporating Recycled Sand and PE-Fibers
  38. Liu Haoran, Xiao Jianzhuang, Ding Tao (2023-03)
    Flexural Performance of 3D Printed Composite Beams with ECC and Recycled Fine Aggregate Concrete:
    Experimental and Numerical Analysis

BibTeX
@article{zhou_mcge_zhu_gokc.2022.TDFPCo3PECC,
  author            = "Wen Zhou and Wesley McGee and He Zhu and H. Süleyman Gökçe and Victor C. Li",
  title             = "Time-Dependent Fresh Properties Characterization of 3D Printing Engineered Cementitious Composites: On the Evaluation of Buildability",
  doi               = "10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104704",
  year              = "2022",
  journal           = "Cement and Concrete Composites",
  volume            = "133",
}
Formatted Citation

W. Zhou, W. McGee, H. Zhu, H. S. Gökçe and V. C. Li, “Time-Dependent Fresh Properties Characterization of 3D Printing Engineered Cementitious Composites: On the Evaluation of Buildability”, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 133, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104704.

Zhou, Wen, Wesley McGee, He Zhu, H. Süleyman Gökçe, and Victor C. Li. “Time-Dependent Fresh Properties Characterization of 3D Printing Engineered Cementitious Composites: On the Evaluation of Buildability”. Cement and Concrete Composites 133 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104704.