Skip to content

Improvement of Interlayer Performance of 3D Printable Magnesium Oxysulfate Cement-Based Materials by Carbonation Curing (2025-06)

10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.06.180

 Li Qiyan, Su Anshuang,  Gao Xiaojian
Journal Article - Journal of Materials Research and Technology

Abstract

This paper investigates the influence of fly ash (FA) incorporation and carbonation curing treatment on the interlayer bonding strength and permeability performance of 3D-printed magnesium oxysulfate cement-based (3DP-MOS) mortars. The interlayer bonding strength, permeability performance, pore structure, phase composition, microhardness, and elastic modulus of typical 3DP-MOS samples were systematically evaluated. The results show that carbonation curing significantly enhances the interlayer bond strength and alleviates the strength deterioration resulting from incorporating FA in 3D-printed samples. It also reduced interlayer permeability, particularly at interfaces prone to deterioration. Carbonation curing promotes the generation of magnesium carbonate hydrate crystals that interlace with phase 5Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·7H2O crystals, creating a network-like structure that refines the pore size distribution and reduces capillary and macropores. Additionally, carbonation curing increases interlayer microhardness by approximately 10%, with greater improvements of 17.6% to 27.4% observed at distances up to 1000 μm from the interlayer. The elastic modulus at 50 μm from the primary interlayer crack also increases from 23.5 GPa to 33.9 GPa, highlighting its role in optimizing the interlayer interface and micromechanical properties of 3DP-MOS mortars. Consequently, carbonation curing significantly alleviates the interlayer performance deterioration induced by 3D printing.

27 References

  1. Chen Mingxu, Li Laibo, Wang Jiaao, Huang Yongbo et al. (2019-10)
    Rheological Parameters and Building Time of 3D Printing Sulphoaluminate-Cement-Paste Modified by Retarder and Diatomite
  2. Cui Peng, Wu Chun-ran, Chen Jie, Luo Fuming et al. (2021-02)
    Preparation of Magnesium-Oxysulfate Cement as a 3D Printing Material
  3. Dai Xiaodi, Tao Yaxin, Tittelboom Kim, Schutter Geert (2023-02)
    Rheological and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Alkali-Activated Slag Mixtures with Addition of Nano Clay
  4. Das Arnesh, Reiter Lex, Mantellato Sara, Flatt Robert (2022-10)
    Early-Age Rheology and Hydration-Control of Ternary Binders for 3D Printing Applications
  5. Hou Shaodan, Duan Zhenhua, Xiao Jianzhuang, Ye Jun (2020-12)
    A Review of 3D Printed Concrete:
    Performance-Requirements, Testing Measurements and Mix-Design
  6. Jiang Quan, Liu Qiang, Wu Si, Zheng Hong et al. (2022-06)
    Modification Effect of Nano-Silica and Polypropylene-Fiber for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Concrete:
    Printability and Mechanical Anisotropy
  7. Kloft Harald, Krauss Hans-Werner, Hack Norman, Herrmann Eric et al. (2020-05)
    Influence of Process Parameters on the Inter-Layer Bond Strength of Concrete Elements Additive Manufactured by Shotcrete 3D Printing
  8. Lao Wenxin, Li Mingyang, Wong Teck, Tan Ming et al. (2020-02)
    Improving Surface-Finish-Quality in Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing Using Machine-Learning-Based Extrudate-Geometry-Control
  9. Li Long, Hao Lucen, Li Xiao-Sheng, Xiao Jianzhuang et al. (2023-11)
    Development of CO2-Integrated 3D Printing Concrete
  10. Li Qiyan, Wen Xiaodong, Gao Xiaojian (2025-02)
    Rheological and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printable Magnesium-Oxysulfate-Cements
  11. Liu Qiang, Jiang Quan, Huang Mojia, Xin Jie et al. (2022-10)
    The Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printing Cement-Base Materials with Self-Cleaning Nano-TiO2:
    An Exploratory Study
  12. Moelich Gerrit, Kruger Jacques, Combrinck Riaan (2021-09)
    Modelling the Inter-Layer Bond Strength of 3D Printed Concrete with Surface Moisture
  13. Panda Biranchi, Ruan Shaoqin, Unluer Cise, Tan Ming (2018-11)
    Improving the 3D Printability of High-Volume Fly-Ash Mixtures via the Use of Nano-Attapulgite-Clay
  14. Panda Biranchi, Unluer Cise, Tan Ming (2018-10)
    Investigation of the Rheology and Strength of Geopolymer Mixtures for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing
  15. Peng Yiming, Unluer Cise (2022-12)
    Development of Alternative Cementitious Binders for 3D Printing Applications:
    A Critical Review of Progress, Advantages and Challenges
  16. Rahul Attupurathu, Santhanam Manu, Meena Hitesh, Ghani Zimam (2018-12)
    3D Printable Concrete:
    Mixture-Design and Test-Methods
  17. Sanjayan Jay, Jayathilakage Roshan, Rajeev Pathmanathan (2020-11)
    Vibration-Induced Active Rheology-Control for 3D Concrete Printing
  18. Soares Augusto, Costa Hugo, Carmo Ricardo, Rodrigues Ana et al. (2023-08)
    Comprehensive Design Methodology for 3D Printing Mortars
  19. Souza Marcelo, Ferreira Igor, Moraes Elisângela, Senff Luciano et al. (2021-11)
    Role of Chemical Admixtures on 3D Printed Portland Cement:
    Assessing Rheology and Buildability
  20. Wang Li, Tian Zehao, Ma Guowei, Zhang Mo (2020-02)
    Inter-Layer Bonding Improvement of 3D Printed Concrete with Polymer-Modified Mortar:
    Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Studies
  21. Wang Dianchao, Xiao Jianzhuang, Sun Bochao, Zhang Shipeng et al. (2023-02)
    Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Mortar Cured by CO2
  22. Weng Yiwei, Li Mingyang, Zhang Dong, Tan Ming et al. (2021-02)
    Investigation of Inter-Layer Adhesion of 3D Printable Cementitious Material from the Aspect of Printing-Process
  23. Xiao Jianzhuang, Hou Shaodan, Duan Zhenhua, Zou Shuai (2023-01)
    Rheology of 3D Printable Concrete Prepared by Secondary Mixing of Ready-Mix Concrete
  24. Yao Hao, Xie Zonglin, Li Zemin, Huang Chuhan et al. (2021-11)
    The Relationship Between the Rheological Behavior and Inter-Layer Bonding Properties of 3D Printing Cementitious Materials with the Addition of Attapulgite
  25. Yin Yunchao, Huang Jian, Wang Tiezhu, Yang Rong et al. (2023-09)
    Effect of Hydroxypropyl-Methylcellulose on Rheology and Printability of the First Printed Layer of Cement Activated Slag-Based 3D Printing Concrete
  26. Zhang Yu, Qiao Hongxia, Qian Rusheng, Xue Cuizhen et al. (2022-02)
    Relationship Between Water-Transport Behavior and Inter-Layer Voids of 3D Printed Concrete
  27. Zhang Jingchuan, Wang Jialiang, Dong Sufen, Yu Xun et al. (2019-07)
    A Review of the Current Progress and Application of 3D Printed Concrete

0 Citations

BibTeX
@article{li_su_gao.2025.IoIPo3PMOCBMbCC,
  author            = "Qiyan Li and Anshuang Su and Xiaojian Gao",
  title             = "Improvement of Interlayer Performance of 3D Printable Magnesium Oxysulfate Cement-Based Materials by Carbonation Curing",
  doi               = "10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.06.180",
  year              = "2025",
  journal           = "Journal of Materials Research and Technology",
}
Formatted Citation

Q. Li, A. Su and X. Gao, “Improvement of Interlayer Performance of 3D Printable Magnesium Oxysulfate Cement-Based Materials by Carbonation Curing”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.06.180.

Li, Qiyan, Anshuang Su, and Xiaojian Gao. “Improvement of Interlayer Performance of 3D Printable Magnesium Oxysulfate Cement-Based Materials by Carbonation Curing”. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.06.180.