High-Volume Glass Powder Cementitious Material for Low-Carbon Concrete Additive Manufacturing (2026-01)¶

This study aims to develop a 3D printable low-carbon cementitious material by incorporating high volume (60 % by weight) of waste glass powder (GP) for additive manufacturing applications in the construction and building industry. The influences of high-volume GP replacement on rheological properties and printing performance were evaluated. The mechanical strengths and chloride penetration resistance of the developed 3D printable high-volume GP mixture were evaluated by testing 3D printed specimens in different directions and compared with the control mixture (without GP). The results showed that replacing high volume of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with GP significantly reduced static yield stress, while slightly enhancing the viscosity recovery. The high-volume GP mixture can still demonstrate comparable printing performance to the control mixture when an identical dosage of viscosity modifying agent was used. Compressive strength tests revealed that the GP mixture exhibited lower 28-day strength than the control mixture due to the slower pozzolanic reactions of GP. Despite this, the GP mixture showed significantly lower embodied energy (by 44 %) and carbon dioxide emissions (by 52 %), along with higher carbon efficiency than the control mixture. Moreover, the superior chloride penetration resistance of the GP mixture suggests an extended service life, further enhancing its environmental benefits.