Additive Manufacturing as an Alternative to Core Sampling in Concrete Strength Assessment (2025-07)¶

Additive manufacturing reshapes concrete construction, yet routine strength verification of printed elements still depends on destructive core sampling. This study evaluates whether standard 70 mm cubes—corrected by a single factor—can provide an equally reliable measure of in situ compressive strength. Five Portland-cement mixes, with and without ash-slag techno-mineral filler, were extruded into wall blocks on a laboratory 3D printer. For each mix, the compressive strengths of the cubes and ∅ 28 mm drilled cores were measured at 7, 14 and 28 days. The core strengths were consistently lower than the cube strengths, but their ratios remained remarkably stable: the transition coefficient clustered between 0.82 and 0.85 (mean 0.83). Ordinary least-squares regression of the pooled data produced the linear relation 𝑅̂𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 [MPa] = 0.97 𝑅̂𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 − 4.9, limiting the prediction error to less than 2 MPa (under 3% across the 40–300 MPa range) and outperforming more complex machine-learning models. Mixtures containing up to 30% ash-slag filler maintained structural-grade strength while reducing clinker demand, underscoring their sustainability potential. The results deliver a simple, evidence-based protocol for non-destructive strength assessment of 3D-printed concrete and provide quantitative groundwork for future standardisation of quality-control practices in additive construction.