Skip to content

Modelling Curved-Layered Printing Paths for Fabricating Large-Scale Construction Components (2016-06)

10.1016/j.addma.2016.06.004

 Lim Sungwoo,  Buswell Richard,  Valentine Philip, Piker Daniel,  Austin Simon, de Kestelier Xavier
Journal Article - Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 12, pp. 216-230

Abstract

In this paper, a non-conventional way of additive manufacturing, curved-layered printing, has been applied to large-scale construction process. Despite the number of research works on Curved Layered Fused Deposition Modelling (CLFDM) over the last decade, few practical applications have been reported. An alternative method adopting the CLFDM principle, that generates a curved-layered printing path, was developed using a single scripting environment called Grasshopper – a plugin of Rhinoceros®. The method was evaluated with the 3D Concrete Printing process developed at Loughborough University. The evaluation of the method including the results of simulation and printing revealed three principal benefits compared with existing flat-layered printing paths, which are particularly beneficial to large-scale AM techniques: (i) better surface quality, (ii) shorter printing time and (iii) higher surface strengths.

5 References

  1. Buswell Richard, Soar Rupert, Gibb Alistar, Thorpe Tony (2006-06)
    Freeform Construction:
    Mega-Scale Rapid Manufacturing for Construction
  2. Khoshnevis Behrokh, Hwang Dooil, Yao Ke, Yeh Zhenghao (2006-05)
    Mega-Scale Fabrication by Contour Crafting
  3. Le Thanh, Austin Simon, Lim Sungwoo, Buswell Richard et al. (2012-01)
    Hardened Properties of High-Performance Printing Concrete
  4. Le Thanh, Austin Simon, Lim Sungwoo, Buswell Richard et al. (2012-01)
    Mix-Design and Fresh Properties for High-Performance Printing Concrete
  5. Lim Sungwoo, Buswell Richard, Le Thanh, Austin Simon et al. (2011-07)
    Developments in Construction-Scale Additive Manufacturing Processes

112 Citations

  1. Bassi Utkarsh, Sahai Rajan, Bisht Ravindra, Verma Yash et al. (2026-01)
    Design Analysis and Development of a Benchtop 3D Concrete Printer
  2. Babajaniniashirvani Vida, Afsari Kereshmeh, McCoy Andrew (2025-12)
    Investigating Key Competencies for 3D Concrete Printing in Affordable Housing
  3. Wang Hailong, Shi Yiqing, Sun Xiaoyan, Lin Xiqiang et al. (2025-12)
    Design, Multi-Scale Structural Analysis, and Construction of Modular Prefabricated 3D-Printed Concrete Residence
  4. Shukla Bishnu, Bharti Gaurav, Parashar Bhupender, Sharma Pushpendra et al. (2025-09)
    Variables Influencing the Performance of 3D Concrete Printing for Sustainable Construction:
    Current Status and Future Prospects
  5. Murtaza Ghulam, Baldinelli Giorgio (2025-08)
    Revolutionizing Architecture:
    3D Printing in Large Construction Industry and Strategic Innovations for Enhanced Performance
  6. Abid Khasim, Syed Sajid, Khan Majid (2025-08)
    Explainable Machine Learning-Based Model for Predicting Interlayer Bond Strength in 3D Printed Concrete
  7. Li Shuai, Liu Junli, Cheng Chi-Tsun, Xuan Hung et al. (2025-06)
    Design and Performance of 3D Printed Bouligand Steel Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite Curved Beams
  8. Lin Wenyu, Wang Li, Li Zhijian, Bai Gang et al. (2025-06)
    Multi-Scale Fabrication and Challenges in 3D Printing of Special -Shaped Concrete Structures
  9. Demirbaş Ali, Tuğluca Merve, Şahin Oğuzhan, İlcan Hüseyin et al. (2025-05)
    A Comprehensive Study on the Valorization of Recycled Concrete Aggregates in 3D-Printable Cementitious Systems
  10. Dobrzanski James, Xu Jie, Bartek Rasti, Becker Daniel et al. (2025-04)
    From Digital Crafting to Digital Manufacturing:
    Automated Production Using Hybrid 3D Concrete Printing
  11. Yassin Ahmed, Hafez Mohamed, Aboelhassan Mohamed (2025-04)
    Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Different Types of Synthetic Fibers on the Flexure Behavior and Mechanical Properties of 3D Cementitious Composite Printing Provided with Cement CEM II/A-P
  12. Gardan Julien, Hedjazi Lofti, Attajer Ali (2025-02)
    Additive Manufacturing in Construction:
    State of the Art and Emerging Trends in Civil Engineering
  13. Senthilnathan Shanmugaraj, Raphael Benny (2025-02)
    Predicting Buildability Using the Surface Texture of 3D Printed Concrete Elements
  14. Do Duc, Diab Zeinab, Rémond Sébastien, Hoxha Dashnor (2025-01)
    Numerical Simulation-Tools for 3D Printing
  15. Jiang Youbau, Gao Pengxiang, Adhikari Sondipon, Yao Xiaofei et al. (2024-12)
    Studies on the Mechanical Properties of Inter-Layer Interlocking 3D Printed Concrete Based on a Novel Nozzle
  16. Dams Barrie, Chen Binling, Kaya Yusuf, Shepherd Paul et al. (2024-11)
    The Rise of Aerial Additive Manufacturing in Construction:
    A Review of Material Advancements
  17. Slepicka Martin, Borrmann André (2024-09)
    Fabrication Information Modeling for Closed-Loop Design and Quality Improvement in Additive Manufacturing for Construction
  18. Ivaniuk Egor, Tošić Zlata, Lordick Daniel, Mechtcherine Viktor (2024-09)
    Flow Production of Variable Curved Modules for Thin-Walled Concrete Shell Structures
  19. Lowke Dirk, Anton Ana-Maria, Buswell Richard, Jenny Ercan et al. (2024-09)
    Digital Fabrication with Concrete Beyond Horizontal Planar Layers
  20. Sahai Rajan, Bisht Ravindra, Singh Siddharth, Panigrahi Soraj (2024-07)
    Design-Analysis and Development of a Gantry Robot for Multi-Layer 3D Concrete Printing with Simulation and Experimental Validation
  21. Ivaniuk Egor, Tošić Zlata, Müller Steffen, Lordick Daniel et al. (2024-07)
    Automated Manufacturing of Reinforced Modules of Segmented Shells Based on 3D Printing with Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites
  22. Seifan Mostafa (2024-06)
    Sustainable Three-Dimensional Printing Concrete:
    Advances, Challenges, and Future Direction
  23. Senthilnathan Shanmugaraj, Raphael Benny (2024-06)
    Buildability-Assessment of 3D Printed Concrete Elements Through Computer-Vision
  24. Birru Bizu, Rehman Atta, Kim Jung-Hoon (2024-06)
    Comparative Analysis of Structural Build-Up in One-Component Stiff and Two-Component Shotcrete-Accelerated Set-on-Demand Mixtures for 3D Concrete Printing
  25. Matus Ilse, Alves Jorge, Góis Joaquim, Vaz-Pires Paulo et al. (2024-04)
    Artificial Reefs Through Additive Manufacturing:
    A Review of Their Design, Purposes and Fabrication Process for Marine Restoration and Management
  26. Dams Barrie, Chen Binling, Kaya Yusuf, Orr Lachlan et al. (2024-03)
    Fresh Properties and Autonomous Deposition of Pseudoplastic Cementitious Mortars for Aerial Additive Manufacturing
  27. Sahai Rajan, Bisht Ravindra, Malviya Nitesh, Kumar Shivam et al. (2024-01)
    Aspects of Waste-Material-Utilization and 3D Concrete Printer Development-Approach:
    A Review
  28. Alyami Mana, Khan Majid, Javed Muhammad, Ali Mujahid et al. (2023-12)
    Application of Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms in Predicting the Compressive Strength of 3D Printed Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  29. Yang Yan, Wu Hangzi, Han Lifang, Huang Qingling et al. (2023-12)
    Investigation on Geometric and Surface Finish Quality of 3D Concrete Printed Walls with Hollow Section
  30. Zhang Xiaowei, Guo Chuwen, Ma Jianhong, Jiao Huazhe et al. (2023-10)
    Utilization of Solid Mine-Waste in the Building Materials for 3D Printing
  31. Cabibihan John-John, Gaballa Aya, Fadli Fodil, Irshidat Mohammad et al. (2023-06)
    A Guided Approach for Utilizing Concrete Robotic 3D Printing for the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Industry
  32. Xu Zhuoyue, Zhang Dawang, Li Hui, Yin Le et al. (2023-06)
    Effects of Additives on the Mechanical Properties, Rheology, and Printing Properties of PCC-Based 3DPMs
  33. Haar Bjorn, Kruger Jacques, Zijl Gideon (2023-05)
    Off-Site Construction with 3D Concrete Printing
  34. Chen Hao, Zhang Daobo, Chen Peng, Li Ning et al. (2023-03)
    A Review of the Extruder System Design for Large-Scale Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing
  35. Jesus Manuel, Guimarães Ana, Rangel Bárbara, Alves Jorge (2023-02)
    The Potential of 3D Printing in Building Pathology:
    Rehabilitation of Cultural Heritage
  36. Ahmed Ghafur (2023-01)
    A Review of 3D Concrete Printing:
    Materials and Process Characterization, Economic Considerations and Environmental Sustainability
  37. Nguyen Vuong, Li Shuai, Liu Junli, Nguyen Kien et al. (2022-11)
    Modelling of 3D Concrete Printing Process:
    A Perspective on Material and Structural Simulations
  38. Senthilnathan Shanmugaraj, Raphael Benny (2022-11)
    Using Computer-Vision for Monitoring the Quality of 3D Printed Concrete Structures
  39. Teixeira João, Schaefer Cecília, Rangel Bárbara, Maia Lino et al. (2022-11)
    A Road Map to Find in 3D Printing a New Design Plasticity for Construction:
    The State of Art
  40. Li Shuai, Nguyen-Xuan Hung, Tran Jonathan (2022-11)
    Digital Design and Parametric Study of 3D Concrete Printing on Non-Planar Surfaces
  41. Khan Shoukat, Koç Muammer (2022-10)
    Numerical Modelling and Simulation for Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing:
    The Underlying Physics, Potential, and Challenges
  42. Patterson Albert, Vajipeyajula Bhaskar, Norris William (2022-10)
    System Architecture and Design Parameters for Extrusion-Based Autonomous Construction Systems
  43. Bhooshan Shajay, Bhooshan Vishu, Megens Johannes, Casucci Tommaso et al. (2022-09)
    Print-Path Design for Inclined-Plane Robotic 3D Printing of Unreinforced Concrete
  44. Nuh Mishael, Oval Robin, Orr John, Shepherd Paul (2022-09)
    Digital Fabrication of Ribbed Concrete Shells Using Automated Robotic Concrete Spraying
  45. Ivaniuk Egor, Tošić Zlata, Eichenauer Martin, Müller Steffen et al. (2022-09)
    Automated Production of Textile Reinforced Concrete Modules for the Assembly of Shell Structures
  46. Khosravani Mohammad, Haghighi Azadeh (2022-08)
    Large-Scale Automated Additive Construction:
    Overview, Robotic Solutions, Sustainability, and Future Prospect
  47. Dong Liang, Yang Yekai, Liu Zhongxian, Ren Quanchang et al. (2022-07)
    Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Ultra-High-Performance Concrete after Elevated Temperatures
  48. Tošić Zlata, Eichenauer Martin, Ivaniuk Egor, Lordick Daniel et al. (2022-07)
    Design and Optimization of Free-Form Surfaces for Modular Concrete 3D Printing
  49. Ahmed Ghafur, Askandar Nasih, Jumaa Ghazi (2022-07)
    A Review of Large-Scale 3DCP:
    Material-Characteristics, Mix-Design, Printing-Process, and Reinforcement-Strategies
  50. Nuh Mishael, Oval Robin, Orr John (2022-06)
    ARCS:
    Automated Robotic Concrete Spraying for the Fabrication of Variable Thickness Doubly Curved Shells
  51. Ye Junhong, Weng Yiwei, Du Hongjian, Li Mingyang et al. (2022-06)
    Feasibility of Using Ultra-High-Ductile Concrete to Print Self-Reinforced Hollow Structures
  52. Bhooshan Shajay, Bhooshan Vishu, Dell’Endice Alessandro, Chu Jianfei et al. (2022-06)
    The Striatus Bridge
  53. Ivaniuk Egor, Eichenauer Martin, Tošić Zlata, Müller Steffen et al. (2022-05)
    3D Printing and Assembling of Frame Modules Using Printable Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites
  54. Buswell Richard, Xu Jie, Becker Daniel, Dobrzanski James et al. (2022-04)
    Geometric Quality Assurance for 3D Concrete Printing and Hybrid Construction Manufacturing Using a Standardised Test Part for Benchmarking Capability
  55. Ma Guowei, Buswell Richard, Silva Wilson, Wang Li et al. (2022-03)
    Technology Readiness:
    A Global Snapshot of 3D Concrete Printing and the Frontiers for Development
  56. Ulubeyli Serdar (2022-03)
    Lunar Shelter Construction Issues:
    The State of the Art Towards 3D Printing Technologies
  57. Pan Tinghong, Teng Huaijin, Liao Hengcheng, Jiang Yaqing et al. (2022-03)
    Effect of Shaping Plate Apparatus on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Cement-Based Materials:
    Experimental and Numerical Studies
  58. Cui Hongzhi, Yu Shiheng, Cao Xiangpeng, Yang Haibin (2022-03)
    Evaluation of Printability and Thermal Properties of 3D Printed Concrete Mixed with Phase-Change-Materials
  59. Guamán-Rivera Robert, Martínez-Rocamora Alejandro, García-Alvarado Rodrigo, Muñoz-Sanguinetti Claudia et al. (2022-02)
    Recent Developments and Challenges of 3D Printed Construction:
    A Review of Research Fronts
  60. Zöller Raphael, Ochlast Andreas, Zimmert Florian, Braml Thomas (2022-02)
    Development of Processes for the Automated Planning and Production of Individual Reinforced Concrete Elements
  61. Dey Dhrutiman, Srinivas Dodda, Panda Biranchi, Suraneni Prannoy et al. (2022-02)
    Use of Industrial Waste-Materials for 3D Printing of Sustainable Concrete:
    A Review
  62. Buswell Richard, Bos Freek, Silva Wilson, Hack Norman et al. (2022-01)
    Digital Fabrication with Cement-Based Materials:
    Process Classification and Case Studies
  63. Şahin Hatice, Mardani Ali (2021-12)
    Assessment of Materials, Design Parameters and Some Properties of 3D Printing Concrete Mixtures:
    A State of the Art Review
  64. Weger Daniel, Stengel Thorsten, Gehlen Christoph, Maciejewski Yannick et al. (2021-12)
    Approval for the Construction of the First 3D Printed Detached House in Germany:
    Significance of Large-Scale Element Testing
  65. Nair Sooraj, Sant Gaurav, Neithalath Narayanan (2021-11)
    Mathematical Morphology-Based Point-Cloud-Analysis-Techniques for Geometry-Assessment of 3D Printed Concrete Elements
  66. Uribe-Pinzon Sebastian, Mosquera Mariana, Cardenas-Pulido Jhon, Higuera Camilo (2021-10)
    Advances and Current Trends on the Use of 3D Printed Concrete for Building Fabrication
  67. Dobrzanski James, Buswell Richard, Cavalaro Sergio, Kinnell Peter et al. (2021-09)
    Milling a Cement-Based 3D Printable Mortar in Its Green State Using a Ball-Nosed Cutter
  68. Wang Li, Ma Hui, Li Zhijian, Ma Guowei et al. (2021-07)
    Cementitious Composites Blending with High Belite-Sulfoaluminate and Medium-Heat Portland Cements for Large-Scale 3D Printing
  69. Geetha S., Selvakumar M., Lakshmi S. (2021-07)
    3D Concrete Printing Matrix Reinforced with Geogrid
  70. Anane Walid, Iordanova Ivanka, Ouellet-Plamondon Claudiane (2021-05)
    The Use of BIM for Robotic 3D Concrete Printing
  71. Falliano Devid, Domenico Dario, Cosenza Paolo, Ricciardi Giuseppe et al. (2021-04)
    Green High-Performance Mortars for 3D Printing Applications
  72. Wang Li, Liu Yi, Yang Yu, Li Yanfeng et al. (2021-04)
    Bonding Performance of 3D Printing Concrete with Self-Locking Interfaces Exposed to Compression-Shear and Compression-Splitting Stresses
  73. Weger Daniel, Pierre Alexandre, Perrot Arnaud, Kränkel Thomas et al. (2021-01)
    Penetration of Cement-Pastes into Particle-Beds:
    A Comparison of Penetration Models
  74. Lao Wenxin, Li Mingyang, Tjahjowidodo Tegoeh (2020-09)
    Variable-Geometry Nozzle for Surface Quality Enhancement in 3D Concrete Printing
  75. Heras Murica Daniel, Genedy Moneeb, Taha Mahmoud (2020-09)
    Examining the Significance of Infill-Printing-Pattern on the Anisotropy of 3D Printed Concrete
  76. Li Zhijian, Wang Li, Ma Guowei, Sanjayan Jay et al. (2020-07)
    Strength and Ductility Enhancement of 3D Printing Structure Reinforced by Embedding Continuous Micro-Cables
  77. Ahmed Zeeshan, Biffi Alessia, Hass Lauri, Bos Freek et al. (2020-07)
    3D Concrete Printing:
    Free-Form Geometries with Improved Ductility and Strength
  78. Buswell Richard, Kinnell Peter, Xu Jie, Hack Norman et al. (2020-07)
    Inspection Methods for 3D Concrete Printing
  79. Carneau Paul, Mesnil Romain, Ducoulombier Nicolas, Roussel Nicolas et al. (2020-07)
    Characterisation of the Layer-Pressing-Strategy for Concrete 3D Printing
  80. Hack Norman, Kloft Harald (2020-07)
    Shotcrete 3D Printing Technology for the Fabrication of Slender Fully Reinforced Freeform Concrete Elements with High Surface Quality:
    A Real-Scale Demonstrator
  81. Xu Jie, Buswell Richard, Kinnell Peter, Biro Istvan et al. (2020-06)
    Inspecting Manufacturing Precision of 3D Printed Concrete Parts Based on Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
  82. Buswell Richard, Silva Wilson, Bos Freek, Schipper Roel et al. (2020-05)
    A Process Classification Framework for Defining and Describing Digital Fabrication with Concrete
  83. Nair Sooraj, Panda Subhashree, Santhanam Manu, Sant Gaurav et al. (2020-05)
    A Critical Examination of the Influence of Material-Characteristics and Extruder-Geometry on 3D Printing of Cementitious Binders
  84. Carneau Paul, Mesnil Romain, Roussel Nicolas, Baverel Olivier (2020-04)
    Additive Manufacturing of Cantilever:
    From Masonry to Concrete 3D Printing
  85. Lao Wenxin, Li Mingyang, Wong Teck, Tan Ming et al. (2020-02)
    Improving Surface-Finish-Quality in Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing Using Machine-Learning-Based Extrudate-Geometry-Control
  86. Shakor Pshtiwan, Nejadi Shami, Sutjipto Sheila, Paul Gavin et al. (2020-01)
    Effects of Deposition-Velocity in the Presence-Absence of E6-Glass-Fiber on Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Mortar
  87. Siddika Ayesha, Mamun Md., Ferdous Wahid, Saha Ashish et al. (2019-12)
    3D Printed Concrete:
    Applications, Performance, and Challenges
  88. Nerella Venkatesh, Krause Martin, Mechtcherine Viktor (2019-11)
    Direct Printing-Test for Buildability of 3D Printable Concrete Considering Economic Viability
  89. Adilenidou Yota, Ahmed Zeeshan, Bos Freek, Colletti Marjan (2019-10)
    Unprintable Forms
  90. Carneau Paul, Mesnil Romain, Roussel Nicolas, Baverel Olivier (2019-10)
    An Exploration of 3D Printing Design Space Inspired by Masonry
  91. Mechtcherine Viktor, Nerella Venkatesh, Will Frank, Näther Mathias et al. (2019-08)
    Large-Scale Digital Concrete Construction:
    CONPrint3D Concept for On-Site, Monolithic 3D Printing
  92. Kontovourkis Odysseas, Tryfonos George, Georgiou Christos (2019-06)
    Robotic Additive Manufacturing (RAM) with Clay Using Topology-Optimization Principles for Tool-Path-Planning:
    The Example of a Building Element
  93. Hamidi Fatemeh, Aslani Farhad (2019-05)
    Additive Manufacturing of Cementitious Composites:
    Materials, Methods, Potentials, and Challenge
  94. Perrot Arnaud, Rangeard Damien (2019-04)
    3D Printing with Concrete:
    Impact and Designs of Structures
  95. Chen Yu, Figueiredo Stefan, Yalçınkaya Çağlar, Çopuroğlu Oğuzhan et al. (2019-04)
    The Effect of Viscosity-Modifying Admixture on the Extrudability of Limestone and Calcined-Clay-Based Cementitious Material for Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing
  96. Xu Jie, Ding Lieyun, Cai Lixiong, Zhang Lichao et al. (2019-04)
    Volume-Forming 3D Concrete Printing Using a Variable-Size Square Nozzle
  97. Xia Ming, Nematollahi Behzad, Sanjayan Jay (2019-02)
    Development of Powder-Based 3D Concrete Printing Using Geopolymers
  98. Shakor Pshtiwan, Nejadi Shami, Paul Gavin, Malek Sardar (2019-01)
    Review of Emerging Additive Manufacturing Technologies in 3D Printing of Cementitious Materials in the Construction Industry
  99. Nair Sooraj, Alghamdi Hussam, Arora Aashay, Mehdipour Iman et al. (2019-01)
    Linking Fresh Paste Microstructure, Rheology and Extrusion-Characteristics of Cementitious Binders for 3D Printing
  100. Yang Pu, Nair Sooraj, Neithalath Narayanan (2018-09)
    Discrete Element Simulations of Rheological Response of Cementitious Binders as Applied to 3D Printing
  101. Borg Costanzi Christopher, Ahmed Zeeshan, Schipper Roel, Bos Freek et al. (2018-07)
    3D Printing Concrete on Temporary Surfaces:
    The Design and Fabrication of a Concrete Shell Structure
  102. Xu Jie, Ding Lieyun (2018-07)
    Volume-Forming 3D Concrete Printing Using a Variable-Diameter Square Nozzle
  103. Bhardwaj Abhinav, Zou Na, Pei Zhijian (2018-06)
    Additive Manufacturing for Civil Infrastructure Design and Construction:
    Current State and Gaps
  104. Buswell Richard, Silva Wilson, Jones Scott, Dirrenberger Justin (2018-06)
    3D Printing Using Concrete-Extrusion:
    A Roadmap for Research
  105. Hojati Maryam, Nazarian Shadi, Duarte José, Radlińska Aleksandra et al. (2018-04)
    3D Printing of Concrete:
    A Continuous Exploration of Mix-Design and Printing-Process
  106. Delgado Camacho Daniel, Clayton Patricia, Brien William, Seepersad Carolyn et al. (2018-02)
    Applications of Additive Manufacturing in the Construction Industry:
    A Forward-Looking Review
  107. Chen Yu, Çopuroğlu Oğuzhan, Veer Frederic (2018-01)
    A Critical Review of 3D Concrete Printing as a Low-CO2 Concrete Approach
  108. Ma Guowei, Li Zhijian, Wang Li (2017-12)
    Printable Properties of Cementitious Material Containing Copper-Tailings for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing
  109. Tay Yi, Panda Biranchi, Paul Suvash, Mohamed Nisar et al. (2017-05)
    3D Printing Trends in Building and Construction Industry:
    A Review
  110. Biernacki Joseph, Bullard Jeffrey, Sant Gaurav, Banthia Nemkumar et al. (2017-04)
    Cements in the 21st Century:
    Challenges, Perspectives, and Opportunities
  111. Keating Steven, Leland Julian, Cai Levi, Oxman Neri (2017-04)
    Toward Site-Specific and Self-Sufficient Robotic Fabrication on Architectural-Scales
  112. Kazemian Ali, Yuan Xiao, Cochran Evan, Khoshnevis Behrokh (2017-04)
    Cementitious Materials for Construction-Scale 3D Printing:
    Laboratory Testing of Fresh Printing Mixture

BibTeX
@article{lim_busw_vale_pike.2016.MCLPPfFLSCC,
  author            = "Sungwoo Lim and Richard A. Buswell and Philip J. Valentine and Daniel Piker and Simon A. Austin and Xavier de Kestelier",
  title             = "Modelling Curved-Layered Printing Paths for Fabricating Large-Scale Construction Components",
  doi               = "10.1016/j.addma.2016.06.004",
  year              = "2016",
  journal           = "Additive Manufacturing",
  volume            = "12",
  pages             = "216--230",
}
Formatted Citation

S. Lim, R. A. Buswell, P. J. Valentine, D. Piker, S. A. Austin and X. de Kestelier, “Modelling Curved-Layered Printing Paths for Fabricating Large-Scale Construction Components”, Additive Manufacturing, vol. 12, pp. 216–230, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2016.06.004.

Lim, Sungwoo, Richard A. Buswell, Philip J. Valentine, Daniel Piker, Simon A. Austin, and Xavier de Kestelier. “Modelling Curved-Layered Printing Paths for Fabricating Large-Scale Construction Components”. Additive Manufacturing 12 (2016): 216–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.06.004.